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<title>Node-to-node data transfer</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Node-to-node data transfer</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, <b>node-to-node data transfer</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the movement of data from one <a href="Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">node</a> of a <a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">network</a> to the next. In the <a href="OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a> it is handled by the lowest two layers, the <a href="Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a> and the <a href="Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a>.

</p><p>In most communication systems, the transmitting point applies <a href="Source_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Source coding">source coding</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="Channel_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel coding">channel coding</a>, and lastly, <a href="Line_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Line coding">line coding</a>. This produces the <a href="Baseband" title="Baseband">baseband</a> signal. The presence of filters may perform <a href="Pulse_shaping" title="Pulse shaping">pulse shaping</a>. Some systems then use <a href="Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation">modulation</a> to multiplex many baseband signals into a <a href="Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> signal. The receiver un-does these transformations in reverse order: demodulation, trellis decoding, error detection and correction, decompression.

</p><p>Some communication systems omit one or more of these steps, or use techniques that combine several of these steps together. For example, a <a href="Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> transmitter combines source coding, channel coding, and line coding into one step, typically followed by an <a href="Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a> step. <a href="Barcode" title="Barcode">Barcodes</a>, on the other hand, add a checksum digit during channel coding, then translate each digit into a barcode symbol during line coding, omitting modulation.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Source_coding">Source coding</h2></div>

<dl><dd><i>See main article <a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a></i></dd></dl>

<p>Source coding is the elimination of redundancy to make efficient use of storage space and/or transmission channels.

</p><p>Examples of <b>source coding</b> are:

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<ul><li><a href="Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman coding</a></li>

<li><a href="Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a></li>

<li><a href="Binary_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary coding">Binary coding</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Channel_coding">Channel coding</h2></div>

<dl><dd><i>See main article <a href="Error_correction_and_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Error correction and detection">Error correction and detection</a>.</i></dd></dl>

<p>In <a href="Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> <a href="Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, <b>channel coding</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a pre-transmission mapping applied to a <a href="Digital_signal_(signal_processing)" title="Digital signal (signal processing)">digital signal</a> or data file, usually designed to make error-correction (or at least <a href="Error-detecting_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Error-detecting code">error detection</a>) possible.

</p><p>Error correction is implemented by using more <a href="Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">digits</a> (<a href="Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> in cases of binary channel) than the number strictly necessary for the samples and having the receiver compute the most likely valid message that could have resulted in the received one.

</p><p>Types of <b>channel coding</b> include:

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<ul><li><a href="Parity_check" class="mw-redirect" title="Parity check">Parity checks</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamming_code" title="Hamming code">Hamming code</a></li>

<li><a href="Reed-Muller_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed-Muller code">Reed-Muller code</a></li>

<li><a href="Reed-Solomon_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed-Solomon code">Reed-Solomon code</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbo_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo coding">Turbo coding</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Line_coding">Line coding</h2></div>

<dl><dd><i>See main article <a href="Line_code" title="Line code">Line code</a></i></dd></dl>

<p><b>Line coding</b> consists of representing the <a href="Digital_signal_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital signal (electronics)">digital signal</a> to be transported, by an amplitude- and time-discrete signal, that is optimally tuned for the specific properties of the physical channel (and of the receiving equipment). The <a href="Waveform" title="Waveform">waveform</a> pattern of voltage or current used to represent the 1s and 0s of a digital signal on a transmission link is called <i><b>line encoding</b></i>.

After line coding, the signal can directly be put on a transmission line, in the form of variations of the current. The common types of line encoding are <a href="Unipolar_encoding" title="Unipolar encoding">unipolar</a>, <a href="Polar_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar encoding">polar</a>, <a href="Bipolar_encoding" title="Bipolar encoding">bipolar</a> and <a href="Manchester_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester encoding">Manchester encoding</a>.

</p><p>Line coding should make it possible for the receiver to synchronise itself to the <a href="Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase</a> of the received signal. It is also preferred for the line code to have a structure that will enable error detection.

</p><p>Examples of <b>line coding</b> include:

<i>(see main article <a href="Line_code" title="Line code">line code</a>)</i>

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<li><a href="Gray_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray coding">Gray coding</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modulation">Modulation</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation">Modulation</a></div>

<p><b>Modulation</b> is the process of varying a <i><a href="Carrier_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier signal">carrier signal</a></i>, typically a <a href="Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine wave</a> to use that signal to convey <a href="Information" title="Information">information</a>. One of the three key characteristics of a signal are usually modulated: its <a href="Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase</a>, <a href="Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> or <a href="Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a>.

</p><p>In <a href="Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> modulation, the changes in the signal are chosen from a fixed list (the <b>modulation alphabet</b>) each entry of which conveys a different possible piece of information (a symbol). In <a href="Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analogue</a> modulation, the change is applied continuously in response to the data signal.

</p><p>Modulation is generally performed to overcome signal transmission issues such as to allow

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<ul><li>Easy (low loss, low dispersion) <a href="Wave_propagation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave propagation">propagation</a> as <a href="Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">electromagnetic waves</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a>, the transmission of multiple data signals in one frequency band, on different <a href="Carrier_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier signal">carrier</a> frequencies.</li>

<li>Smaller, more <a href="Directional_antenna" title="Directional antenna">directional antennas</a></li></ul>

<p>Carrier signals are usually high frequency electromagnetic waves.

</p><p>Examples of <b>modulation</b> include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">Phase-shift keying</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">Communication channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">Data transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">Point-to-point (telecommunications)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/documentation/application-snapshot-user-guide/top/detailed-analyses/mpi-analyses/analysis-charts/node-to-node-data-transfers.html">"Node-to-Node Data Transfers"</a>. <i>Intel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-22</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358285643">"Information and Communication Theory Source Coding Techniques -PART -II Handbook on Source Coding Techniques -Part II"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFanariIradierBilbaoCabrera2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fanari, L.; Iradier, E.; Bilbao, I.; Cabrera, R.; Montalban, J.; Angueira, P. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8587646">"Comparison between Different Channel Coding Techniques for IEEE 802.11be within Factory Automation Scenarios"</a>. <i>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</i>. <b>21</b> (21): 7209. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Senso..21.7209F">2021Senso..21.7209F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs21217209">10.3390/s21217209</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8587646">8587646</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770516">34770516</a>.</cite></span>

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